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Pest plants control
Pest plants need to be controlled to reduce their affect on the environment. When introduced to a new environment, any plant has the potential to become a pest. Gorse, Blackberry, Lantana and Woolly Nightshade are examples of plants that were introduced as ornamentals or heging plants but have become pests and the focus of large control programmes in New Zealand. All are major pests of the environment and can affect native bush as well as farmland.
Plants can cause numerous problems. Quick growing like Wandering Jew and Woolly Nightshade can rapidly become invasive, out-completing natives. Gorse is an example of a plant that is difficult to control once established due to large seed banks in the soil. Gorse and blackberry affect land use by establishing in pastures and excluding stock and humans by forming large prickly thickets. Plants like ragwort and woolly nightshade can be toxic to stock. Some choke waterways and affect water quality like water hyacinth and salvinia. All of these plants have been introduced to New Zealand and found the ideal climate to thrive and cause problems in agriculture, horticulture or conservation land.
Manual and chemical methods of controlling pest plants can be done on an individual basis or on mass. The most labour intensive but possibly most effective method is to pull out individual plants. For large plants, control tends to be stump cutting, direct drilling or scarfing the tree first, then use chemicals to poison the tree and stop any further growth from the tree or stump. For large areas of pest plants they can sometimes be controlled by spraying and then slashing once the plant has died.
Plant Biosecurity is partly about preventing the spread both locally and nationally of pest plants. This is important within areas of high conservation importance. There are different levels of significance for pest plants. Some are listed as controlled with enforced actions. In New Zealand this is mainly looked after by the Regional and Local councils that create pest management strategies to give direction in how to control pest plants. Those of national significance are listed on the National Pest Plant Accord which is administered by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.
Gorse is the source of several problems in the environment. The main problem is the mainly adverse affect the plant has on farm pasture. On a positive note the root system of the gorse plant does fix nitrogen which eventually is released back in to the soil and this is beneficial. It is quick growing and due to its spiny nature, it forms thickets that are impenetrable to stock and humans. It produces large numbers of seeds in seed pods which explode open, enhancing seed distribution. Seed may last 100 years in the soil before conditions become suitable for germination. Burning stimulates regrowth.
Blackberry is a very prickly, rambling vine. The problem with blackberry is that it has an extensive rhizome system which can be difficult to get rid of. While the top part of the plant may be removed, the problem still exists if the rhizomes are left in the ground. Dense thickets of blackberry of up to 2 metres tall can prevent stock and human access as well as providing refuges for other pests like possums and rabbits.
Woolly Nightshade was introduced as an ornamental however it is highly invasive. It is a rapid growing plant that can reach in excess of 5 metres tall. The trees form dense stands that prevent the growth of any other plants. Birds feed on the fruit and can widely spread the seed. Without management it can quickly take over areas of forest margin, scrub, farm land, hill country, waterway margins and reserves. The other problem with the plant is thought to be toxic to stock and can affect humans.
About the author: Bevan Jones is biosecurity, plant control and animal control expert in Auckland, New Zealand.
Sing hello to the iRig PRE, turns iOS devices into on-the-fly mic preamps (Engadget)
IK Multimedia's never fallen short of giving you some of the better tools for
all your on-the-go music-making utilizing your beloved iOS device as the main
rig. Now, the peripheral connoisseur's taking the wraps off its iRig PRE,
which aims to help you digitally process those glorious vocal chords by
allowing you to plug in any XLR mic into it without the need for other
adapters or cables. Furthermore, the dongle features a 3.5mm jack for audio
monitoring, gain control and can squeeze a runtime of up to 40 hours (dynamic
microphones) or 15 hours (phantom powered condenser mics) from a standard 9V
battery. The PRE amp will also come included with two of iRig's usual suspect
apps (iRig Recorder and VocaLive) to help you get started in your quest to be
the next idol. We know you can't wait to get your singing on, but you'll have
to wait until "early Q2" to do so, for a moderate price of $39.99 -- perhaps
the iRig Mic can get you through the days in the meantime.
Continue reading _Sing hello to the iRig PRE, turns iOS devices into on-the-
fly mic preamps_
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